Conspiracy theories are explanations for important events that involve secret plots by powerful and malevolent groups. For example, some people believe that the 9/11 attacks were orchestrated by the US government, that the moon landing was faked by NASA, or that the COVID-19 pandemic was planned by a global elite. Conspiracy theories are not only popular among the general public, but also among some influential figures, such as politicians, celebrities, and media personalities. But why do people believe in conspiracy theories? And what are the consequences of holding such beliefs?

The Motives Behind Conspiracy Beliefs

According to psychological research, conspiracy beliefs are driven by three main types of motives: epistemic, existential, and social.

Epistemic Motives

Epistemic motives are related to the need for understanding, accuracy, and certainty. People who have a low level of education, a low sense of analytical thinking, or a high need for closure are more likely to believe in conspiracy theories, as they offer simple and coherent explanations for complex and ambiguous events. Conspiracy theories also appeal to people who have a high level of curiosity, creativity, or openness to experience, as they stimulate their imagination and challenge the mainstream narratives.

Existential Motives

Existential motives are related to the need for control, security, and meaning. People who feel powerless, threatened, or disadvantaged are more likely to believe in conspiracy theories, as they provide a sense of agency and empowerment. Conspiracy theories also help people cope with uncertainty, anxiety, or loss, as they restore a sense of order and predictability. Moreover, conspiracy theories can serve as a form of self-enhancement or self-protection, as they allow people to blame external forces for their failures or misfortunes.

Social Motives

Social motives are related to the need for belonging, identity, and esteem. People who have a low level of trust, a high level of alienation, or a strong sense of collective victimhood are more likely to believe in conspiracy theories, as they reinforce their sense of group cohesion and solidarity. Conspiracy theories also enable people to express their values, opinions, and emotions, as well as to criticize or resist the dominant groups or institutions. Furthermore, conspiracy theories can foster a sense of uniqueness or superiority, as they make people feel special or enlightened.

The Consequences of Conspiracy Beliefs

While conspiracy beliefs may satisfy some psychological motives in the short term, they may also have negative consequences in the long term. These consequences can be classified into three categories: cognitive, emotional, and behavioral.

Cognitive Consequences

Cognitive consequences are related to the impact of conspiracy beliefs on the quality and accuracy of information processing. People who believe in conspiracy theories tend to have a biased perception of reality, as they ignore or reject evidence that contradicts their beliefs, and selectively seek or interpret evidence that confirms their beliefs.

These cognitive errors can impair their ability to reason logically and critically.

Emotional Consequences

Emotional consequences are related to the impact of conspiracy beliefs on the intensity and valence of affective states. People who believe in conspiracy theories tend to experience negative emotions, such as anger, fear, or paranoia. These emotions can reduce their well-being and happiness. People who believe in conspiracy theories also tend to have low self-esteem, low life satisfaction, and low trust. These attitudes can undermine their confidence and optimism.

Behavioral Consequences

Behavioral consequences are related to the impact of conspiracy beliefs on the frequency and quality of social interactions. People who believe in conspiracy theories tend to isolate themselves from others, especially from those who disagree with them. This behavior can limit their exposure to diverse perspectives and opinions. People who believe in conspiracy theories also tend to engage in antisocial or harmful actions, such as spreading misinformation, boycotting products or services, or refusing to comply with health guidelines. These actions can endanger themselves and others.

Conclusion

Conspiracy theories are widespread and influential phenomena that can affect how people think, feel, and act. While they may serve some psychological functions for some people in some situations, they may also have detrimental effects on individuals and society. Therefore, it is important to understand the psychology of conspiracy theories and to promote critical thinking and scientific literacy among the public.